Yes. “It’s a misconception that darker skinned people can’t get skin cancer,” Dr. Nambudiri said. Even though darker-skinned people may not burn as quickly as fairer-skinned people, it doesn’t mean their skin isn’t experiencing deleterious effects from the sun’s rays.
“Sunburns, aging, uneven skin tone and hyperpigmentation are all problems that can be exacerbated by sun exposure in dark-skinned people,” Dr. Lester added.
If you plan to wear moisturizer in addition to sunscreen, apply the moisturizer before the sunscreen. Make sure that the sunscreen has fully absorbed (it should feel mostly dry to the touch) before you apply anything else, such as makeup. It’s also important to apply sunscreen even if you’re using foundations or powders with SPF built in, since those products may not provide consistent sun protection.
Make sure to reapply sunscreen every two hours (or more frequently, especially after sweating or swimming), even if you’re wearing makeup. This may require reapplying sunscreen on top of it. There are plenty of options for on-the-go sunscreen reapplication, including sunscreen sticks or sprays (though you still need to rub those in). You could also use a makeup sponge to dab on your favorite sunscreen in an even layer over your makeup.
Most people don’t apply nearly enough sunscreen, perhaps especially when it comes to their faces. When applying a sunscreen lotion on your face, Dr. Amanda Doyle, a dermatologist at Russak Dermatology Clinic in New York City, suggested using an amount roughly the size of a quarter. This should provide sufficient coverage for your face, neck and ears. As with all sunscreens, the one you use on your face requires reapplication every two hours, or more frequently depending on your activities.
On July 14, 2021, Johnson & Johnson issued a voluntary recall of certain Neutrogena and Aveeno sunscreen sprays after internal testing detected low levels of benzene, a colorless chemical that can cause certain cancers, in those products.
It was unclear how benzene, which Johnson & Johnson said was not used in its manufacturing processes, may have found its way into the sunscreens. The company said it was investigating potential sources. It also said in a news release that using the recalled sunscreens “would not be expected to cause adverse health consequences,” though the company had asked consumers to stop using them.
About two months later, Coppertone announced that it had voluntarily recalled five aerosol sunscreen products after its own testing revealed benzene in those products as well.
People are regularly exposed to benzene through inhalation from many different sources — at gas stations, from car exhaust and cigarette smoke, and from working in certain industries, like plastic and rubber manufacturers. The substance can also be absorbed through the skin, though few studies have examined exactly how harmful this route of exposure can be.
When inhaled, benzene can cause leukemia and other types of cancers, said Luoping Zhang, an adjunct professor of toxicology at the University of California, Berkeley, who was not involved with any of the sunscreen testing.
Still, experts say that at least for now, the reports of benzene in sunscreens should not deter you from using sunscreen products that haven’t been recalled.
Dr. Bernard Goldstein, an environmental toxicologist and former dean of the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, said he’d tell his kids to continue using sunscreen “so as to not end up with skin cancer.”
Avoiding the sun (especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when its rays are strongest) is one excellent way to protect your skin from sun damage. So is wearing protective clothing, like long-sleeved shirts and wide brimmed hats. Alternatives like sunscreen pills or supplements “are being studied right now,” Dr. Nambudiri said, but none are approved by the F.D.A. and there is no evidence that they are safe and effective.
While it may seem that the two terms refer to the same thing, you shouldn’t see the word “sunblock” on labels at all. The Food and Drug Administration banned its use on approved sunscreens in 2011, considering it to be an overstatement of effectiveness since no sunscreen can block UV rays completely. The agency similarly does not allow the terms “waterproof” and “sweatproof.”
Yes; in fact, it’s recommended. “Whether it’s sunny or cloudy, UV rays are present 365 days a year, and I encourage my patients to use sunscreen year-round,” Dr. Nambudiri said.
While it is not necessary to wear sunscreen on body parts that aren’t exposed to the sun (usually because they’re covered by clothing), it’s important to apply it to the face, ears, hands, forearms, neck and other often-exposed body parts to help prevent sun damage.
Yes. Most sunscreens sold in the United States are stamped with expiration dates, after which the formulas are no longer guaranteed to remain maximally effective. According to F.D.A. regulation, nonprescription drugs — including sunscreens — must remain stable for at least three years. If your bottle isn’t marked with an expiration date, the agency says you should consider the sunscreen expired three years after you bought it.
Yes. Most people will tan — at least a little — while wearing sunscreen. Broad spectrum sunscreen will decrease how dark your skin gets, but most people don’t apply enough of it at regular intervals to avoid tanning completely. If you’re looking to avoid tanning (and other sun damage), consider other measures, such as wearing protective clothing and avoiding the sun at peak hours. “Think of sunscreen as your last line of defense” against sun damage, said Dr. Jennifer Mancuso, an assistant professor of dermatology at the University of Michigan.
People with especially fair skin don’t tan without also getting a sunburn, added Dr. Kathleen Suozzi, an assistant professor of dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine. For them, applying a liberal amount of broad spectrum sunscreen should help them avoid both tanning and burning.
It can. “Certain ingredients in some sunscreens do contribute to coral reef damage,” Dr. Lester said.
Oxybenzone, octocrylene and octinoxate are among the primary sunscreen ingredients of concern. The only two “reef-safe” active ingredients approved by the F.D.A. are “non-nanotized” zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. (A non-nanotized ingredient means that it is 100 nanometers in diameter or more.)
However, no sunscreen is known to be totally safe for aquatic life, so the best way to protect yourself and the environment is to cover as much of your body as possible with UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) clothing (though you’ll still need to use sunscreen on exposed skin).
No. In fact, sunscreen can mitigate a lot of potential damage from the sun, which can lead to premature skin aging and increased risk of skin cancer. However, experts have acknowledged that some people may be concerned about past evidence that has shown that some of the active ingredients in many sunscreens sold in the United States can reach the bloodstream and remain there for days.
“We don’t know what the health implications are yet, or even if there are any,” Dr. Lester said, “but we want to give credence to people’s concerns.”
Keep in mind that sunscreen is just one of many topical products whose potential health effects are not completely understood. “Of course it’s very alarming when people think there’s a chemical being absorbed by their skin and detectable in blood,” Dr. Tan said, “but we put a lot of things on our skin — lotions, cosmetics, fragrances — and studies aren’t done on whether or not those ingredients are detectable, so we need to step back and put the sunscreen conversation in context.”
If you’re concerned about the possibility of sunscreen chemicals seeping into the bloodstream, consider using those that contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide (or both) as their active ingredients, which have not been found to reach the blood.
The best sunscreen for you is the one that you will apply — and reapply — often, but there are pros and cons to each type. Physical (or mineral) sunscreens reflect UV rays away from your skin, while chemical sunscreens absorb UV rays so that your skin does not.
One pro of mineral sunscreens is that their active ingredients — zinc oxide and titanium dioxide — haven’t been shown to absorb into the blood. “If you’re a person who is concerned about the potential safety of applying chemical sunscreen to your skin and you also want the benefit of protecting your skin from harmful effects of UV rays, I would say mineral is best,” Dr. Tan said.
Mineral sunscreens, however, “are generally more expensive and less cosmetically elegant than chemical ones,” said Dr. Lawrence Eichenfield, chief of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego. Mineral sunscreens tend to take longer to rub in and appear chalkier than chemical ones, which tend to rub in easier, feel less noticeable on and blend in better with the skin.
“People who don’t like the way a sunscreen looks or feels are less likely to stick to consistent use,” said Dr. Lester, whose work focuses on skin color-related disparities in research and health care. In her own practice, she said, “brown-skinned individuals often avoid mineral sunscreens because they tend to leave a white cast on the skin.”
Wirecutter testing has found that chemical sunscreens with active ingredients including avobenzone, octocrylene and oxybenzone tend to feel lighter on the skin, rub in easier and appear less visible.
Sun protection factor (SPF) is a measure of how well a sunscreen protects against sunburn, which is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, the type that cause most skin cancers. Most dermatologists, as well as the American Academy of Dermatology, recommend an SPF of at least 30 for most people and most climates. “There’s no harm in going higher, though,” especially for people whose skin burns easily or for those who have sun-exposure allergies, said Dr. Vinod Nambudiri, a dermatologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.
Once you go past SPF 30, the protection becomes more incremental. When properly applied, for instance, an SPF 30 sunscreen shields skin from about 97 percent of the sun’s UVB rays, while an SPF 50 protects against roughly 98 percent. No sunscreen blocks 100 percent of the sun’s rays.
Most of the experts we spoke with said that more important than the actual SPF is finding a broad-spectrum sunscreen — one that protects against both ultraviolet A (UVA) rays, which mostly cause skin aging and wrinkles, and UVB rays — that you enjoy wearing and can afford to consistently use and reapply. “Most people aren’t getting the SPF benefit on the sunscreen’s label because they aren’t applying a thick enough layer to their skin, and they usually aren’t reapplying often enough — usually every 80 minutes or two hours, depending upon the formula,” said Dr. Belinda Tan, a dermatopathologist in Torrance, Calif.
The average adult needs about one ounce of sunscreen to cover all exposed skin. “We often say a shot glass of sunscreen for the whole body,” said Dr. Jenna Lester, an assistant professor of dermatology at the U.C.S.F. School of Medicine, “but I tell my patients to fill the shot glass up to the brim and use even more if needed so you don’t miss any spots.”
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